The Qajar Dynasty of Persia

The Qajar Dynasty of Persia The Qajar Dynasty was an Iranian family of Oghuz Turkish descent that ruled Persia (Iran) from 1785 to 1925. It was succeeded by the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979), Irans last monarchy. Under Qajar rule, Iran lost control of large areas of the Caucasus and Central Asia to the expansionist Russian Empire, which was embroiled in the Great Game with the British Empire. The Beginning The eunuch chief of the Qajar tribe, Mohammad Khan Qajar, established the dynasty in 1785 when he overthrew the Zand dynasty and took the Peacock Throne. He has been castrated at the age of six by the leader of a rival tribe, so he had no sons, but his nephew Fath Ali Shah Qajar succeeded him as Shahanshah, or King of Kings. War and Losses Fath Ali Shah launched the Russo-Persian War of 1804 to 1813 to halt Russian incursions into the Caucasus region, traditionally under Persian dominion. The war did not go well for Persia, and under the terms of the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, the Qajar rulers had to cede Azerbaijan, Dagestan, and eastern Georgia to the Romanov Tsar of Russia. A second Russo-Persian War (1826 to 1828) ended in another humiliating defeat for Persia, which lost the rest of the South Caucasus to Russia. Growth Under the modernizing Shahanshah Nasser al-Din Shah (r. 1848 to 1896), Qajar Persia gained telegraph lines, a modern postal service, Western-style schools, and its first newspaper. Nasser al-Din was a fan of the new technology of photography, who toured through Europe. He also limited the power of the Shia Muslim clergy over secular matters in Persia. The shah unwittingly sparked modern Iranian nationalism, by granting foreigners (mostly British) concessions for building irrigation canals and railways, and for the processing and sale of all tobacco in Persia. The last of those sparked a nationwide boycott of tobacco products and a clerical fatwa, forcing the shah to back down. High Stakes Earlier in his reign, Nasser al-Din had sought to regain Persian prestige after the loss of the Caucasus by invading Afghanistan and attempting to seize the border city of Herat. The British considered this 1856 invasion a threat to the British Raj in India and declared war on Persia, which withdrew its claim. In 1881, the Russian and British Empires completed their virtual encirclement of Qajar Persia, when the Russians defeated the Teke Turkmen tribe at the Battle of Geoktepe. Russia now controlled what is today Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, on Persias northern border. Independence By 1906, the spend-thrift shah Mozaffar-e-din had so angered the people of Persia by taking out massive loans from the European powers and squandering the money on personal travels and luxuries that the merchants, clerics, and middle class rose up and forced him to accept a constitution. The December 30, 1906 constitution gave an elected parliament, called the Majlis, power to issue laws and confirm cabinet ministers. The shah was able to retain the right to sign laws into effect, however. A 1907 constitutional amendment called the Supplementary Fundamental Laws guaranteed citizens rights to free speech, press, and association, as well as the rights to life and property. Also in 1907, Britain and Russia carved Persia into spheres of influence in the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907. Regime Change In 1909, Mozaffar-e-dins son Mohammad Ali Shah tried to rescind the constitution and abolish the Majlis. He sent the Persian Cossacks Brigade to attack the parliament building, but the people rose up and deposed him. The Majlis appointed his 11-year-old son, Ahmad Shah, as the new ruler. Ahmad Shahs authority was fatally weakened during World War I, when Russian, British,  and Ottoman troops occupied Persia. A few years later, in February of 1921, a commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade called Reza Khan overthrew the Shanshan, took the Peacock Throne, and established the Pahlavi Dynasty.

Taking Action on Earth Day

Taking Action on Earth Day Every year, people all around the world come together to celebrate Earth Day. This annual event is marked by lots of different activities,  from parades to festivals to film festivals to running races. Earth Day events typically have one theme in common: the desire to show support for environmental issues and teach future generations about the need to protect our planet. The First Earth Day The very first Earth Day was celebrated on April 22, 1970. The event, which some consider to be the birth of the environmental movement, was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson. Nelson chose the April date to coincide with spring while avoiding most spring break and final exams. He hoped to appeal to college and university students for what he planned as a day of environmental learning and activism. The Wisconsin Senator decided to create an Earth Day after witnessing the damage caused in  1969 by a massive oil spill in Santa Barbara, California. Inspired by the student anti-war movement, Nelson hoped that he could tap into the energy on school campuses to get kids to take notice of issues such as air and water pollution,  and put  environmental issues onto the national political agenda. Interestingly, Nelson had tried to put the environment on the agenda within Congress from the moment he was elected to office in 1963. But he as repeatedly told that Americans were not concerned about environmental issues. So Nelson went straight to the American people, focusing his attention on college students.   Participants from 2,000 colleges and universities, roughly 10,000 primary and secondary schools and hundreds of communities across the United States got together in their local  communities  to mark the occasion of the very first Earth Day. The event was billed as a teach-in, and event organizers focused on peaceful demonstrations that supported the environmental movement. Almost 20 million Americans filled the streets of their local communities on that first Earth Day,  demonstrating  in  support of environmental issues in rallies large and small all across the country. Events focused on  pollution, the dangers of pesticides, oil spill damage, the loss of wilderness, and the extinction of wildlife. Impacts of Earth Day The first Earth Day led to the creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of the  Clean Air,  Clean Water, and  Endangered Species  acts. It was a gamble, Gaylord later recalled, but it worked. Earth Day is now observed in 192 countries, and celebrated by billions of people around the world. Official Earth Day activities are coordinated by the nonprofit, Earth Day Network, which is  chaired by the first Earth Day 1970 organizer, Denis Hayes. Over the years, Earth Day has grown from localized grassroots efforts to a  sophisticated network of environmental activism. Events can be found everywhere from tree planting  activities  at your local park to  online Twitter parties that share information about environmental issues. In 2011,  28 million trees were planted in Afghanistan by the Earth Day Network as part of their Plant Trees Not Bombs campaign. In 2012, more than 100,000 people rode bikes in  Beijing to raise awareness about climate change and help people learn what they could do to protect the planet. How can you get involved? The  possibilities  are endless.  Pick up trash in your neighborhood. Go to an Earth Day festival. Make a commitment to reduce your food waste or electricity use. Organize an event in your community. Plant a tree. Plant a garden. Help to organize a community garden. Visit a national park. Talk to your friends and family about environmental issues such as climate change, pesticide use, and pollution.   The best part? You dont need to wait until April 22 to celebrate Earth Day. Make every day Earth Day and help to make this planet a healthy place for all of us to enjoy.

Relating to video Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Relating to video - Essay Example While this particular film is able to provide an overview to the current conflicts and the complexities of the region, there is still the need to move further into the history of Jerusalem and the practice of religions that continue to dominate over the region. Historical Feedback of Film There are several balanced points with the history of the film, as well as limitations in recounting the realities of the three faiths in Jerusalem. Generally, the narrative of including the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religion into one film is one which defines an equal balance. The viewer is able to see how each of the dynamics between the religions works within the region and represents a component of life among those that are involved in Jerusalem. More important, the timing for each one, personal stories and the link to the basic history of the development of the religions is balanced. The viewer is able to get an overview of what occurred in the region as well as how this has affected others that are living in the region today. The concept of balancing the history is one which is also seen as effective in terms of relating the 4000 year history to today. The narrators are able to show how the long history can be traced back by all of the religions. This, in turn, becomes a reason behind the conflicts today. Most of the historical conflicts become ingrained with each of the generations, religious beliefs and the aspects that are associated with the region. These are combined with an understanding of how some of the central conflicts, because of their deeply rooted problems with obtaining the Holy Land, have led to continuous misunderstandings at a social, political and individual viewpoint. The video is able to interpret this specific understanding of history clearly and effectively. This specific balance then gives the viewer a general insight into the complexities of both history and the current day conflicts that are a part of the region. While there is a balance fro m this perspective in terms of the historical feedback, there are also several elements that limit what is told from all three perspectives. The first type of imbalance is from the timing of the video. This doesn’t provide in – depth insight into the historical findings, different interpretations and other livelihoods of what has occurred within all three religions. Instead, it skims the surface of what is occurring and creates a generalized dynamic about the specific region. When one moves into the deeper history of Jerusalem or looks at other aspects or perspectives, different pieces of information may be found that are either contradictory or which provide further insight outside of what the film offers. The imbalance between stories continues with the perspective which is taken in terms of the audience. The historical component is to look at how the 4000 year old history has affected Jerusalem and created roots of conflict in the city. This is followed by the persp ectives which show the deeply rooted opinions and behaviors of those who are in the city. The movement into the roots and the examination of how the ideals are today leads to a gap in the history. There is an understanding of what has occurred in the beginning and how this has changed today. However, there are other layers of history

Medical law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Medical law - Essay Example ng or refusing medical treatment was set out in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbeck Area Health Authority.2 In this case, a young girl under 18 was held to be legally competent to consent to contraceptive treatment and advice because she had enough intelligence to understand the nature of the treatment. This case has set out a test that assesses the young person’s level of understanding and maturity in regard to the treatment that is being proposed. There is no fixed age at which it is possible to say that a child is mentally capable of understanding the nature of medical treatment and therefore capable of providing consent. The competence to consent is thus to be based upon the level of understanding demonstrated by the child. Hence, under this test, minors are effectively presumed to be incompetent unless they fully understand the nature of treatment and its effects, as also the consequences of refusing such treatment. According to Lord Scarman, the children must demonstrate both understanding of the treatment, as well as the maturity to understand its other implications, such as moral and emotional ramifications of the decision3. Such an evaluation of minors to assess whether they are Gillick competent requires a medical practitioner to determine if the minor is mature enough to provide consent and autonomy in decision making can be allowed only when a minor can demonstrate such understanding of the nature and effects of treatment4. However, in contrast to Lord Scarman’s views, Lord Fraser stated that a young person is capable of consenting to medical treatment if he or she is able to understand what is being proposed and can express his or her views clearly in this regard. However, this was to be subject to the medical practitioner deeming such treatment or refusal of treatment to be in the patient’s best interests.5 In the case of Re S (A Minor)(Consent to Medical Treatment)6the patient S was suffering from thalassaemia, yet continually

New Social Movements Essay Example for Free

New Social Movements Essay To what extent do new social movements represent a challenge to established ways of conducting liberal democratic policies? In order to understand the extent of the challenge posed by new social movements to liberal democratic policy and the ways in which they are conducted one must first understand what these policies entail. These policies or principles are listed by Goodwin as: 1. Supremacy of the people. 2. Consent of the governed as the basis of legitimacy. 3. The rule of law: peaceful methods of conflict resolution. 4. The existence of the common good or public interest, 5. The value of the individual as a rational moral active citizen. 6. Equal rights for all individuals.1 The modern day concept of a liberal democracy is based on the liberalist movement of the philosophers of the eighteenth century. However the advent of past social has resulted in challenges to the ways in which liberal democracy has been and is conducted over the intervening years since that time; the suffrage movement and the American civil rights movement against segregation are two such examples. These movements were successful because those in power allowed them to succeed (admittedly with some reluctance). More recently, that is over the past twenty to thirty years new social movements have grown up. These movements are campaigning on various issues including: * Anti globalisation; the backlash against the increase in power of large corporations and the perceived lack of legislation restricting their actions. * Extremist religious groups. * Environmental change; the movement and groups pushing for greater respect for the planet in a global community. There are also many other groups which have grown up as a result of the mass movement of peoples. These groups campaign for greater minority rights, and more freedom to express cultural heritage. Heywood states additionally that these groups are a result of the post-modernist era: If the major political ideologies were in their various ways, products of modernisation [i.e. the labour movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries], the transition from a modern to a post modern society cannot but have profound significance for their [the new movements] roles and character [] post modernity [] has both thrown

Horror and Suspense in Bierces Work Essay -- Ambrose Bierce Short Sto

Horror and Suspense in Bierce's Work A novel is divided into different chapters and usually has different plots to focus on. In a novel there are lots of characters and the time scale is constantly changing throughout. Because there is more than one theme and there are different messages coming across of combined themes, makes the novel denser and more complicated to understand and to take in all the description. Ambrose Bierce wrote a lot of short stories and some we have studied and analysed. In a short story there is usually only one plot and the event usually carries on in the same setting. There are usually a couple of characters and one hidden message which makes the short stories more to the point and very direct. As I was analysing the short stories by Bierce, I realised that most of the characters in them were male and most of the stories contained physicians. Looking over Bierce’s background I was able to see that Bierce was brought up in a male dominated area where women were secondary characters. I assume this is why Bierce’s main characters are male and the female characters only play a secondary part in the setting. He had a son who committed suicide and a son who drank himself to death. I think this is why Bierce put physicians in most of his stories. The physicians don’t know when the victims of the stories are about to die, so maybe Bierce could relate to these because no physician could warn him about his sons dying. Throughout Bierce’s stories he has a good use of horror and suspense. He does this by being very concise and to the point. He also makes more impact on us as he uses pathetic thalacy. He does this by describing the weather in such a way that reflects on the mood o... ...he misery of others.’ This ties in with us laughing at the misery of Henry Armstrong. Others find it horrifying as they would be terrified of being buried alive and in those days it was quite common for medical students to dig up the corpses. This also ties in with Bierce’s definition of a grave, which I also found in ‘The Devil’s Dictionary.’ A grave is a place in which the dead are laid to await the coming of the medical student.’ Reading these stories of Bierce’s I found to be very interesting and thoroughly enjoyed. I think it is clear that Bierce was trying to scare a lot of people and effectively did as the description, the language used, the mixed feelings it sends out and the context of his writing creates a lot of horror and suspense. Some may say that Bierce is sick others say that he is very intelligent. Bierce- brilliant or disturbed?

Burning Up

ALWAYS, SOMETIMES, OR NEVER Chapter 9 Tell whether each statement is always, sometimes, or never true. 1. The graph of a quadratic function is a straight line. 2. The range of a quadratic function is the set of all real numbers. 3. The highest power in a quadratic function is 2. 4. The graph of a quadratic function contains the point (0, 0). 5. The vertex of a parabola occurs at the minimum value of the function. 6. The graph of a quadratic function that has a minimum opens upward. 7. The graphs of f(x) = ax2 and gx= -ax2 have the same width. 8. The function fx= ax2+c has three zeros. 9.The graph of y= ax2+1 has its vertex at the origin. 10. The graph of y = -x2+c intersects the x-axis. 11. There are two solutions to x2=n when n is positive. 12. If n is a rational number, then the solution to x2=n are rational numbers. 13. If the graph of a quadratic function has its vertex at the origin, then the related quadratic equation has exactly one solution. 14. If the graph of a quadratic fu nction opens upward, then the related quadratic equation has two solutions. 15. If the graph of a quadratic function has its vertex on the x-axis, then the related quadratic equation has exactly one solution. 6. If the graph of a quadratic function has its vertex in the first quadrant, then the related quadratic equation has two solutions. 17. A quadratic equation in the form ax2 – c = 0, where a 0 has two solutions. 18. If a quadratic equation has two solutions, then it has two x-intercepts. 19. If the discriminant is equal to zero the quadratic equation has no real solutions. 20. If the leading coefficient of a quadratic equation is positive and the graph of the equation has a positive y-intercept, the graph has two real solutions.

Management Information System and Users Essay

Every person in the organization is a user of the MIS. The people in the organization operate at all levels in the hierarchy. A typical user is a clerk, an assistant, an officer, an executive or a manager. Each of them has a specific task and a role to play in the management of business. The MIS caters to the needs of all persons. The main task of a clerk is to search the data, make a statement and submit it to the higher level. A clerk can use the MIS for a quick search and reporting the same to higher level. An assistant has the task of collecting and organizing the data, and conducting a rudimentary analysis of integrating the data from different and disciplines to analyze it and make a critical comment if anything adverse is found. The MIS offers the methods and facilities to integrate the data and report the same in a proper format. An executive plays the role of a decision maker. He is in of responsibility and accountability a position of a planner and a decision maker. He is responsible for achieving the target and goals of the organization. The MIS provides facilities to analyze the data and offers the decision support systems to perform the task of execution. The MIS provides an action Ââ€" oriented information. The manager has a position of responsibility and accountability for the business results. His management role expands beyond his management function. He is a strategist and a long-term planner. He is a person with a foresight, an analytical ability and is expected to use these abilities in the functions of top management. The MIS provides information in a structured or unstructured format for him to react. The MIS caters to his constant changing needs of information. The user of the MIS is expected to be a rational person and the design of the MIS is based on this assumption. However, in reality the impact created on individuals by MIS is difficult to explain. The nature of the impact in a few cases is negative. However, this negative impact can be handled with proper training and counseling. It is observed that at lower level, is a sense of insecurity. As the MIS takes away the drudgery of search, collection, writing and reporting the data, the work vacuum, so created is not easily filled, thus creating a sense of insecurity.

Sociology Paper

Sociology Paper Sociology Paper Sociology Paper: Target - Clarity Sociology is rather young but very interesting science. It helps us study ourselves. That is why if you have got an assignment to write a sociology paper, do not neglect this good opportunity to learn more about people. Papers Sociology: Subjects of Research Any sociology paper (whether it is an essay or a term paper) is a kind of research of one or another aspect of the social life of people. Sociology papers may cover positive as well as negative sides of our life. Marriage, divorce, maternity, adoption of children, slavery, discrimination, social inequality these points and many others may be discussed in such papers. The only requirement to any sociology paper is that all the matter points of its topic must be highlighted fully enough and clearly. Your reader should understand what you wanted to study, in what way you made your study and what results this study led to. Paper Sociology: making your own social research clear Taking into acc ount the above-mentioned information lets try to point out tips that will help you make your paper clear.First of all, before getting down to writing of your sociology paper you should determine an issue clearly that you are going to research. It should be some narrower point of your paper topic whether you have been provided with this topic by your tutor or you have chosen it by yourself. As a rule, such an issue is formulated as a thesis statement of a paper that is presented at the beginning of this paper (in the introduction). Making a thesis statement will help you put your research in certain frameworks. It will be much better for you to make a plan of your research stating the main points that you are going to present. Split your paper into paragraphs in accordance with this plan. Pay attention that these paragraphs should be interrelated. Such a plan will make your sociology paper well-structured and logical. Your ideas will not exist separately but build a sing le picture your research of the issue in question. Pay attention to the vocabulary that you will use in your sociology paper. Avoid different idioms, slang elements, vulgarisms as your paper belongs to the academic writing. On the other hand, do not use a large number of various terms and unknown notions. That will make your writing not cognitive but dull. Try to use transitional words and phrases that will also give your paper some clarity. Pay attention to the precise data that you will state in your sociology paper to prove your suggestions and conclusions. All numbers, results of observations or experiments should be true. So, keeping in mind this information will help you write a clear and understandable sociology paper.

Tiempo de espera green card de hermanos de ciudadano

Tiempo de espera green card de hermanos de ciudadano La peticià ³n de una tarjeta de residencia, conocida como green card, que realiza un ciudadano americano para su hermano o hermana es uno de los trmites migratorios que ms tarda, desde los cinco hasta los veinte aà ±os de espera. Aquà ­ le explicamos el por quà ©. Bajo la ley de Inmigracià ³n, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos limita el nà ºmero de visas que se emiten de acuerdo al estatus del peticionario (esposa, hijo/a soltero/a, padres, hermano/a, hijo/a casado/a) y a su paà ­s de origen. El tiempo de espera depende entonces de estos dos factores: origen y categorà ­a. Los tiempos de espera dependen de la nacionalidad del pedido y de la relacià ³n con el ciudadano, ya que cada paà ­s tiene una cuota là ­mite y cada categorà ­a un nà ºmero determinado de visas otorgadas anualmente. Los hermanos y hermanas de los ciudadanos pertenecen a la categorà ­a F4, la à ºltima de las categorà ­as de preferencia familiar: El nà ºmero total de visas otorgadas para esta categorà ­a en el aà ±o 2018 ascendà ­an a las 65.000 con un tiempo de espera promedio de diez aà ±os, con menos y ms aà ±os dependiendo del caso. En esta categorà ­a estn incluidos los hermanos/as biolà ³gicos, los hermanos por adopcià ³n y los hermanastros/as. Si el consulado tiene duda acerca de la relacià ³n entre el ciudadano y el beneficiario, puede solicitar una prueba de ADN. La espera Como norma, los servicios de ciudadanà ­a e inmigracià ³n de los Estados Unidos (USCIS) tramitan las peticiones de tarjetas de residencia en orden de llegada de la peticià ³n. La espera promedio es de diez aà ±os. Pero hay paà ­ses de origen cuyas visas se demoran ms que las otras: Mà ©xico, China, India y Filipinas, cuyas esperas a veces ascienden a los veinte aà ±os. Es importante aclarar que no todos los casos son iguales y no todas las visas de las personas del mismo paà ­s de origen tardan el mismo tiempo. La clave es la fecha en la que la peticià ³n fue aprobada (fecha de prioridad). Para que haya claridad, en el 2018 habà ­a 65.000 visas para otorgar pero miles de ms peticiones. Las que no clasifican en el cupo anual pasan al aà ±o siguiente, y asà ­ sucesivamente hasta que obtienen su tarjeta de residencia. De ahà ­ la espera. Vale la pena anotar que hay mucho rumor y desinformacià ³n acerca de los tiempos de espera; siempre consulte las fuentes oficiales y no se deje guiar por lo que oye de otras personas. Cada caso es diferente. Para estar al corriente de sus tiempos de espera puede consultar la pgina de USCIS con su nà ºmero de caso a la mano. Breve descripcià ³n del proceso Para aclarar dudas y ayudarle a entender el proceso sepa que para pedir una green card para su hermano/a hay que: Ser ciudadano americano y haber cumplido ya los 21 aà ±os de edadTener solvencia econà ³mica para patrocinar al familiarLlenar y enviar el formulario I-130 Estar en contacto con el Centro Nacional de VisasEntender que una solicitud aprobada no es lo mismo que una visa aprobadaSaber quà © es la fecha de prioridadRevisar cada mes el Boletà ­n de Visas del Departamento de Estado y comprobar quà © fecha se est gestionando para calcular cunto tiempo ms queda para recibir la green cardRevisar el affidavit of support  y tener claro sus requisitosPedir ayuda a un abogado si hay dudas en cà ³mo proceder Por à ºltimo: situaciones problemticas Hermano indocumentado: el problema con un hermano/a indocumentado en territorio de los Estados Unidos es que este/a no podrà ­a ajustar su estatus y podrà ­a aplicarse el castigo de los tres y de los diez aà ±os en el momento en que sale del paà ­s a presentarse a la entrevista en el consulado.Peticià ³n negada: Si la peticià ³n por una green card para su hermano/a fue negada, revise aquà ­ las posibles causas.

Nonstandard Accounting common to the High-Tech Industry Essay

Nonstandard Accounting common to the High-Tech Industry - Essay Example The main idea behind the convergence concept was that, all nations would come together and form a unified set of accounting standards that would be applied in major capital markets. Additionally, the IFRS also wanted to ensure that the standards are adequately and rigorously used. More over the international standards formulated by international accounting standards took into account the financial reporting needs of the developing nations as well as small and medium-sized entities (SME’s).The IFRS is also in charge of maintaining the IASB independence and financial autonomy. By 1973 the international Accounting standards Committee was formed and it served as the first international accounting standards setting body. In 2002, it was however reorganized and became an independent accounting standard setter. Currently, more than 100 countries use the International Financial Reporting standards (that is set and issued by IASB) or a local direct of the IFRS. In the United States, the IASB have been developing Generally Accepted Accounting principles (GAAP) as well as IFRS. Additionally the Asian community (China and Japan) are also formulating their accounting standards to conform to the IFRS (Michael, 77). The IFRS dictates that financial statements must be structured in such a way that they reflect the true and fair view of the organization’s financial performance as well as the fair financial position. In this regard the financial statements must provide accurate information about the assets, equity, liabilities, incomes and expenditures of a given organization as well as the operating profits or loses. Additionally, to other relevant information include cash flow movement, contribution by/distributions to investors, notes. Such information enables a prospective investor to predict with great accuracy on when to invest profitably in the organization based on the prediction of future cash flows. IFRS dictates that financial

Economics of Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics of Development - Essay Example If figures are presented, their source should be included and again, a good essay will identify their value to the argument. Having a healthy, prosperous and peaceful phase of a country stands to distinguish itself as a developed country. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. From a policy perspective, economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base. The term "economic growth" refers to the growth of a specific measure such as real national income, gross domestic product, or per capita income. National income or product is commonly expressed in terms of a measure of the aggregate value-added output of the domestic economy called gross domestic product (GDP). When the GDP of a nation rises, economists refer to it as economic growth. This economic development effect the individual in the mass leading to a phase either strong or weak hold of purchase power. The ter m "economic development," on the other hand, implies much more. It typically refers to improvements in a variety of indicators such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and poverty rates. GDP is a specific measure of economic welfare that does not take into account important aspects such as leisure time, environmental quality, freedom, or social justice. As we understand in the economic periphery of lives, country's infrastructure and the scope to grow depends primarily on the strategy of the state. If a country does not grow despite their constant strife in fact is due to the inadequate chartering of their visions in the planning. Political unrest, conservative idealism and lack of human spirit are the factors to leave the countries behind the global race. One of the chief reasons of failures in the achievement of economic development in spite the honest motive of a state is social values. Marxist theory of equality and social justice may prevent rapid economic growth like the Capit alist' economy where private authorities contribute more massively to the national growth. DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS FOR BETTER LIVING: AN ANALYSIS Development economics emerged as a branch of economics because economists after World War II became concerned about the low standard of living in so many countries of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. The first approaches to development economics assumed that the economies of the less developed countries were so different from the developed countries that basic economics could not explain the behavior of less developed country economies. Such approaches produced some interesting and even elegant economic models, but these models failed to explain the patterns of no growth, slow growth, or growth and retrogression found in the less developed countries. Slowly the field swung back towards more acceptances that opportunity cost, supply and demand, and so on applies in this regard. This cleared the ground for better approaches. Traditional economics, however, still could not reconcile the weak and failed growth patterns. What was required to explain poor growth were macro and institutiona l factors beyond micro