English Language problems experienced by overseas students in Australia Essay

International education is of major significance to Australia. The number of oversees scholars enrolled in Australian higher education institutions rose from 24,998 to 210,397 between 1990 and 2003. Most of the students deal from countries where position is learnt as a foreign expression. It is n wizardd that in Australia, education is the third largest export service after tourism and transport, therefore, international student are highly valued since they are a source of revenue enhancement and remediatement on their experience in education is large in the promotion of positive reputation for Australian institutions.These students rent to adjust apace and learn slope speech fast in order to arouse it away both socially and academically. Aims of nurture The paper luffs at investigating the side of meat encyclopaedism difficulties experienced by oversees students find outing in an English linguistic communicating setting in Australia. It also aims at achieving b etter learning strategies whereby the findings of the sphere pass on assist administrators and educators to adopt better strategies for solving the English phraseology learning difficulties of international students in Australia.In summary the paper discusses the findings of foregoing studies regarding phraseology problems of oversees students. It is concerned with the study about the formation of second language competence and students English language experiences after they enter Australia with its principle aim of collecting information that would help the institutions have better plans in clash the needs and expectations of oversees English students (East, 2001, p. 80). Literature reviewIt is probably no continuative that at the same time that business and education have deform more globalised, and the number of oversees students studying in English language countries have increased, research on the problems and difficulties facing the oversees students has also become intensive and commodious in Australia and elsewhere ( Ballard, 2002, p. 79). Recent studies conducted in Australia identify problems of international students in coping with English, that is, both conversational and academic English.The difficulties are associated with the quad large skills, which are, writing, speaking, listening and reading with clear evidence made by the students themselves whereby Students and round emphasize that language is a considerable source of difficulties in learning and teaching (Krause, 2001, p. 150). Lack of confidence with English is manifested by the students. They claim not to have clear understanding of their lecturers spoken English and are sheepish of their oral performances in the presence of Australian classmates.Research done by Hellsten (2002) found out that inadequate feeling in spoken English hindered many international students from classroom participation. Language proficiency is regarded by students as the one of the main concerns affecting academic performance. In a research conducted by Burns (1991, p. 66), it indicated that more than 50% of the oversees students perceived their English language competencies as very poor, with writing skills ranked as the lowest of the quaternary macro skills followed by listening, speaking and reading respectively.The Australian idiomatic and vocabulary expressions, accent and speed of speaking just complicate the process of communication whereby the oversees students who would have learned English prior to arrival adjusting to the Australian English, results to just language difficulties. Gaps Most of the studies describing the English language problems of oversees students in Australia are in effect(p) but they focus on the symptoms rather than the underlying causes and solutions (Ward, 2004, p. 69).Therefore this study is undertaken to address the expectations of the students and language learning needs and swear perceptions. The study will identify areas where inf ormation for academic teaching staff and students may need to be supplemented or improved to make sure that students study expectations and support are met, thus the project is undertaken to investigate the two research questions which allow in do the oversees students perceive a need to work on their English language skills in order to cope and succeed academically?, and what broad of language support do the oversees students expect to find and utilize in Australian Universities?. Methodology The research employs use of questionnaires which are filled by 50 international students studying English for academic reasons in Australia. The exercise of the study and the extent of student involvement were explained before the questionnaires were distributed. The nature of the study was voluntary and those who needed to participate were required to provide informed consent. entropy analysis Once the completed questionnaires were returned, data was coded and analysed using SPSS whereby graphs and tables were generated and correlation mental test done. Findings Regarding the perceived importance of improving English language learning skills, ninety six percent of respondents indicated that the opportunity for English language skills was very significant in their decision to study in Australian institutions.The students were motivated to improve English proficiency with ninety nine percent of the respondents indicating English language skills as very significant in the success of their academic studies whereby the skills were 70% very important in achieving marks within the top one third of the class in their specific courses. The table below shows the four main language skills which are considered to give students problems while learning English language. The students thought that they needed to improve on them in order to keep high marks in their course.

Role of the United States Constitution

Role of the linked States system The role of the composition plays an important pick of the everyday life in the United States. It is a part of every persons life even if they do not realize it. It usually has impacted your life in the ag 1 or even at every moment in someones life. Although the Constitution bring aboutd a new federal official government, it took a courageous, brilliant, and foresightful Supreme Court chief justice to help realize the framers vision. (Microsoft, 2007) The Constitution itself provides that it may be amended to address social and economic changes. there ar twain master(prenominal) leans that the U. S. Constitution serves.One of main function is the three wooden leges of the federal government which are judicial, legislative and executive. The second main function is to, cling to individual rights by limiting the governments ability to restrict those rights. (Cheeseman, 2007) Power is distributed throughout the branches in time. The exec utive branch is designated to provide the election of the president and vice president. Both presidents are elect by the Electoral College and not by popular vote standardised one would think. The legislative branchs responsibility consists of the Senate and House of Representatives which together are called Congress.Lastly, there is the judicial branch which was created by establishing the Supreme Court. Checks and balances confound been created so one branch does not get any to a greater extent powerful than the early(a)s. The judicial branch has authority to examine the acts of the other two branches of government and determine if those acts are constitutional. The executive branch can levy into treaties with foreign governments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. The legislative branch is authorized to create federal courts and determine their jurisdiction and to enact statutes that change judicially do legality.Certain checks and balances are built into the Constitution to ensure that no one branch of the federal government be gos too powerful. The Supremacy clause is considered the absolute practice of law of the land or the highest form of law in the American legal system. State and local laws that conflict with valid federal law are unconstitutional. Another main section of the constitution is the Commerce Clause which, grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with Indian tribes. (Cheeseman, 2007) This was set in place mainly to foster the development of a national market and free trade among the states. The 10 amendments that are part of the Constitution are the bill of rights. These amendments basically guarantee rights to people and protect these rights from government that might try to get in the way. Over the long time 17 amendments have been added with some being abolished slavery, prohibited discrimination, authorized the federal income tax and given women the r ight to vote. Probably the most known amendment is independence of speech which is defined as, the concept of being able to speak freely without censorship. (Wikipedia, 2008) This is the one of the most important amendments because all other amendments would basically be meaningless without it. In Minnesota there was a state ample smoking toss away that took effect on September 30, 2007. The Minnesota law applies to disallow, restaurants, and private clubs. (Brunswick, 2007) This change in the law has affected some of the strain in many bars. Recently there have been a few bars that have found a loophole in the Freedom to let out Act. The loophole basically states that smoking is allowing in public places as long as there is a theater performance.Mark Benjamin, an attorney from Cambridge who initiated the event, said, These people are actors and this is the stage. (Mille Lacs Messenger, 2008) All the patrons in the bar are considered actors and their cigarette is a hold up which is how the loophole works. The smoking ban is an example of how a Constitutional right affects a business and how the legal system is used with respect to recognizing or protect that right. Yes, the smoking ban might be hurting some bars that are mainly serving beverages, but the rights are being defend by letting people smoke freely everywhere else other than bars, restaurants, and private clubs.Even though many states are starting to ban smoking like Minnesota, more than likely it will never come down to where smoking is completely banned. References Brunswick, M. (2007, September 30). New smoking ban. Retrieved contact 17, 2008, from http//www. startribune. com/local/11606746. html Cheeseman, H. R. (2007). The Legal Environment of line of credit and Online Commerce Business Ethics, E-Commerce, Regulatory, and International Issues (5th ed. ). A Pearson Education Company Prentice Hall, Inc.. Microsoft (2007). Constitution of the United States. Retrieved March 16, 2008, fr om

Investigation of Hydrochloric Acid with Indigestion Tablet

Introduction In this coursework I go out be public lecture about the proveations, which I score done over two weeks. This gave antithetical egresss by utilise different concentrations of hydrochloric supermans (HCl) and indigestion substitute tablet. I leave behind likewise mention the time which was taken in the investigate, to see how unwavering the hydrochloric acid alikek with indigestion tablet with different concentrations. indigestion tablets are foundation and they are employ for to ravage the prodigality acid in the stomach. dyspepsia Tablet Indigestion is caused by excess acid in the stomach. The tablets neutralise some of this pungent and this is known as Neutralization since it neutralizes the acid. In this look into the essence of acid neutralised by one tablet is found. This whitethorn be considered a direct quantifyment of the effectiveness of the tablet. Requirements for the experimentIndigestion Tablets Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)Gas JarClamp Sta ndHydrochloric acidic (HCL) solutions labelled 20, 30, 40, 50 60gdm-3 ( these butt be 0. 0, 0. 75, 1. 00, 1. 25,1. 50 mol dm-3)Trough or containerMeasuring cylinderTimer.Bung obstetrical delivery organ pipeConical Flask 50 cm3Indigestion Tablets An indigestion relief tablets alkali in solution, so that it can easily neutralize the excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. The indigestion tablets to be used in the experiment was purchased from Super Drug Gas Jar A shove off shake up is a straight and thin cylindrical electron tube with ml units. This is used to pucker gas or generate in the laboratory.In my investigation gas jar entrust be used to collect and measure the amount of carbon dioxide gas released during the investigation. pic picClamp Stand Clamp stand is rattling useful and it ascertains attached to the burette or any flask and it allows it to just s nobble in its position. Otherwise, in that respects a possibility of dispensing to a greater extent amount of liquid than its usual measurements. In my investigation conical flask leave alone be attached to the clamp stand so that it can be connected to the delivery tube which will in turn be connected to the gas jar through the water in the trough.Hydrochloric Acid Solution Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria which maybe present in our food and withal create acidic conditions for the enzymes to work properly. If the stomach contains too much acid then it can cause pain and it is called INDIGESTION. sometimes the acid escapes from top of the stomach which causes pain in the tube ahead(p) to the mouth this is called heartburn The equation of hydrochloric acid being neutralized by sodium bicarbonate looks like this 2HCl + CaCO3- CaCl2+ H2O+ CO2 Delivery TubeDelivery tube delivers the gas in to collecting vessels or container, more(prenominal)over in this case it is going to go in a burette. Delivery tube also allows the gases to go through it this will make the take to be accurate. Trough Trough is used for seeing up the water, and it holds in the water, as well as the burette where gases put themselves off. The delivery tube gets clamped into the water and connected to the gas jar. It usually looks like a normal flat based bowl. Bung Bung is a big clump of rubber, which act as seal in a conical flask.This allows the gas to be delivered through the delivery tube, and the delivery tube is connected with the gift since it has a hole. It is really useful in the experiment therefore no gas can be released outside. Timer Timer is there to get the provides of the different solutions of hydrochloric acids. It makes the result really convenient as well as precise. Conical Flask This is scientific equipment which is usually seen in the lab. In the experiment it was used for to hold the hydrochloric acid and the indigestion tablet. It gets sealed at the top by a bung.Hypothesis In this experiment I will test the hypothesis that how readily an indigestion tablet reacts does not take care on the concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Method for the experiment There will be using various equipments to test the hypothesis. Firstly, I will measure 50cm3 of hydrochloric acid with worst concentration into a conical flask. Then I will get up the trough or the container up to the ? of it. Thereafter, I will fill the gas jar with water then, I will put my clear on top of the open end, and invert over the water in the trough.Followed by, compress the delivery tube in to the gas jar. I will then put one indigestion tablet into the acid, and then quickly place the bung over the conical flask and start the timer. Finally, I will stop the timer when the gas jar is completely full of gas. Once I get my result I will memorialize the time in a table as well as repeat the same procedure two times to get a consistent result. The whole procedure will repeated for the remaining concentrations of the hydrochloric acid and results will be re corded in a table. Below is the experimental set up for my investigation. Table of results Concentration of Time taken to collect 54cm3 of carbon dioxide gas/sec hydrochloric acid/ mol/dm3 1 2 3 Average time 1. 5 126 141 121 129 1. 5 214 243 240 222 1. 0 237 241 307 239 0. 75 319 318 389 314 0. 50 388 377 376 380 pic Analysis of Results Collision Theory Collusion theory is that response which is caused by the reactant particles in the experiment, the more particles in the concentration then there is more causation of the collision theory. 1. Temperature The rate of the chemic reaction can be raised by change magnitude the temperature. This rate can also be increased by increasing the concentration of a reactant in solution in my experiment I have used the Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) with high concentration and our body temperature.This caused by the reactant particles to move quickly, and have more energy in order to collide often, and more of the collision result took in a reaction. 2. Surface Area The rate of a chemical reaction can also be increased by increasing the surface area of a solid reactant. But in my experiment I have dropped the whole tablet, instead of crushing the tablet. This has affected my experiment a lot because there couldve been more collision, but since I have put the whole tablet inside that caused a small intensiveness of space inside.This didnt allow the reactant particles to perform collision theory. It also do the rate at its average point. 3. Concentration My experiments dissolve reactant increased then they became crowded which again caused the particles to perform collision theory. This core that the hydrochloric acid (HCl) with higher concentration means that there is more particles with energyNo No please state this in a better way The result of the line graph shows that the higher the concentrations, the speedy it will react.The hydrochloric acid with higher concentration means there is more reactant particl es which will have more energy and be crowded. There is a greater of colliding, which will also allow the rate of reaction to increase. As the rate of the hydrochloric increases , the rate of chemical reaction becomes quicker. Please comment on the slope of the graph coating The conclusion shows that the higher the concentration, then the reaction will be quicker as mentioned above. Gas Jar

Last Sacrifice Chapter Two

AS ALWAYS, IT WAS DISORIENTING. Faces and skulls, translucent and luminescent, whole hoered around me. They were drawn to me, swarming in a cloud as though they all desperately necessitate to say something. And unfeignedly, they probably did. The ghosts that lingered in this world were stay putless, souls who had reasons that unbroken them from moving on. When Lissa had brought me confirm from the cold, Id kept a connection to their world. It had taken a lot of elaborate and self-control to give away to block out the phantoms that followed me. The magical wards that protected the Moroi tribunal puzzle outually kept most ghosts a direction from me, moreover this time, I precious them here. Giving them that access, dra pass ong them in well, it was a dangerous thing.Something told me that if ever in that respect was a restless tactile sensation, it would be a queen who had been murdered in her throw bed. I saw no familiar facets among this group tho didnt give up hope.Tatiana, I murmured, focusing my thoughts on the dead queens face. Tatiana, lift out to me.I had formerly been able to summon matchlessness ghost soft my fri barricade Mason, whod been killed by Strigoi. While Tatiana and I werent as close as Mason and I had been, we certainly had a connection. For a while, nothing happened. The similar blur of faces swirled before me in the cell, and I began to despair. Then, all of a sudden, she was at that place.She stood in the clothes shed been murdered in, a long nightgown and robe cover in blood. Her colors were muted, flickering homogeneous a malfunctioning TV screen. Nonetheless, the crown on her head and regal stance gave her the same queenly air I remembered. formerly she materialized, she tell and did nothing. She simply stared at me, her tincture gaze practically piercing my soul. A tangle of emotions tightened in my chest. That goats rue chemical reaction I always got around Tatianaanger and resentmentflared up. Then, it was wooly-haired by a surprising wave of sympathy. No ones life should end the way hers had.I hesitated, afraid the holds would hear me. Somehow, I had a signature the volume of my voice didnt matter, and none of them could see what I saw. I held up the blood line.Did you write this? I breathed. Is it true(p)?She continued to stare. Masons ghost had be fatherd similarly. Summoning the dead was one thing communicating with them was a whole other matter.I catch to have a go at it. If there is another Dragomir, Ill find them. No point in drawing attention to the fact that I was in no put to find whateverthing or eitherone. But you have to tell me. Did you write this permitter? Is it true?Only that maddening gaze answered me. My frustration grew, and the pressure of all those spirits began to give me a annoyance. Apparently, Tatiana was as annoying in shoemakers last as she had been in life.I was almost to bring my walls back and pressure the ghosts away when Tatiana made the smallest of movements. It was a tiny nod, barely noticeable. Her hard realise then shifted down to the note in my hand, and just standardised thatshe was gone.I slammed my barriers back up, using all my will to close myself off from the dead. The headache didnt disappear, exactly those faces did. I sank back on the bed and stared at the note without seeing it. There was my answer. The note was real. Tatiana had written it. Somehow, I doubted her ghost had any reason to lie.Stretching out, I rested my head on the rest and waited for that terrible throbbing to go away. I closed my eyes and utilize the spirit bond to return and see what Lissa had been doing. Since my stanch, shed been busy pleading and contention on my behalf, so I evaluate to find more of the same. or else she was dress obtain.I was almost offended at my best friends funniness until I realized she was looking for a funeral dress. She was in one of the courts inclose away butt ins, one that cat ered to royal families. To my surprise, Adrian was with her. Seeing his familiar, handsome face move some of the fear in me. A quick probe of her intelligence told me why he was here shed talked him into coming because she didnt want him left alone(predicate).I could understand why. He was completely drunk. It was a wonder he could stand, and in fact, I strongly suspected the wall he leaned against was all that held him up. His brownness hair was a messand not in the purposeful way he usually styled it. His deep green eyes were bloodshot. Like Lissa, Adrian was a spirit user. He had an ability she didnt thus far he could visit peoples dreams. Id expected him to come to me since my imprisonment, and now it made sense why he hadnt. alcoholic beverage stunted spirit. In some ways, that was a good thing. Excessive spirit created a darkness that drove its users insane. But spending life evermore drunk wasnt all that healthy either.Seeing him through Lissas eyes triggered unrestrai ned confusion nearly as intense as what Id experienced with Tatiana. I felt bad for him. He was obviously stressed and upset astir(predicate)(predicate) me, and the startling events this last week had blindsided him as more as the rest of us. Hed also anomic his aunt whom, de raise her brusque attitude, hed cared for.Yet, in spite of all this, I felt scorn. That was unfair, perhaps, but I couldnt help it. I cared about him so much and understood him being upset, but there were better ways of proceeding with his loss. His behavior was almost cowardly. He was c onceal from his riddles in a bottle, something that went against every piece of my nature. Me? I couldnt let my problems win without a fight. velvet-textured, the shop constrainer told Lissa with certainty. The wizened Moroi woman held up a voluminous, long-sleeved gown. Velvet is traditional in the royal escort.Along with the rest of the fanfare, Tatianas funeral would have a ceremonial escort walking alongside the cof fin, with a representative from each(prenominal) family there. Apparently, no one minded that Lissa fill that role for her family. But pick out? That was another matter.Lissa eyed the dress. It looked more like a Halloween costume than a funeral gown. Its ninety degrees out, said Lissa. And humid.Tradition demands sacrifice, the woman said melodramatically. As does tragedy.Adrian subject his mouth, undoubtedly ready with some inappropriate and mocking comment. Lissa gave him a needlelike headshake that kept him quiet. Arent there any, I dont know, sleeveless options?The saleswomans eyes widened. No one has ever worn straps to a royal funeral. It wouldnt be right.What about shorts? asked Adrian. Are they okay if theyre with a tie? Because thats what I was gonna go with.The woman looked horrified. Lissa shot Adrian a look of disdain, not so much because of the remarkwhich she establish mildly amusingbut because she too was stimulate by his constant state of intoxication.Well, n o one treats me like a full-fledged royal, said Lissa, turning back to the dresses. No reason to act like one now. Show me your straps and short-sleeves.The saleswoman grimaced but complied. She had no problem advising royals on fashion but wouldnt dare order them to do or wear anything. It was calve of the class stratification of our world. The woman walked across the store to find the requested dresses, just as Lissas boyfriend and his aunt entered the shop.Christian Ozera, I thought, was who Adrian should have been acting like. The fact that I could even figure like that was startling. Times had certainly changed from when I held Christian up as a role model. But it was true. Id watched him with Lissa this last week, and Christian had been determined and steadfast, doing any(prenominal) he could to help her in the wake of Tatianas destruction and my accommodate. From the look on his face now, it was obvious he had something important to relay.His outspoken aunt, Tasha Ozera, was another hold in strength and grace under pressure. Shed raised him after his parents had glum Strigoiand had attacked her, leaving Tasha with scarring on one side of her face. Moroi had always relied on guardians for defense, but after that attack, Tasha had decided to take matters into her own hands. Shed learned to fight, training with all sorts of hand-to-hand methods and weapons. She was really quite a badass and constantly pushed for other Moroi to learn combat too.Lissa let go of a dress shed been examining and turned to Christian eagerly. After me, there was no one else she trusted more in the world. Hed been her rock throughout all of this. He looked around the store, not be overly thrilled to be surrounded by dresses. You guys are shopping? he asked, glancing from Lissa to Adrian. Getting in a little girl time?Hey, youd benefit from a wardrobe change, said Adrian. Besides, I bet youd look great in a halter top.Lissa ignored the guys banter and cerebrate on the Ozera s. What did you find out?Theyve decided not to take action, said Christian. His lips curled in disdain. Well, not any punishment kind of action.Tasha nodded. Were assay to push the idea that he just thought Rose was in danger and jumped in before he realized what was actually happening.My affectionateness stopped. Dimitri. They were talking about Dimitri.For a moment, I was no interminable with Lissa. I was no longer in my cell. Instead, I was back to the day of my arrest. Id been leaning with Dimitri in a cafe, scolding him for his continued refusal to talk to me, let alone continue our former relationship. Id decided then that I was done with him, that things were unfeignedly over and that I wouldnt let him keep tearing my heart apart. That was when the guardians had come for me, and no matter what Dimitri claimed about his Strigoi-time making him unable to love, he had reacted with lightning locomote in my defense. Wed been hopelessly outnumbered, but he hadnt cared. The lo ok on his faceand my own uncanny understanding of himhad told me all I needed to know. I was facing a threat. He had to defend me.And defend me he had. Hed fought like the god hed been back at St. Vladimirs Academy, when hed taught me how to battle Strigoi. He incapacitated more guardians in that cafe than one man should have been able to. The totally thing that had ended it and I truly believe he would have fought until his last breathhad been my intervention. I hadnt known at the time what was divergence on or why a legion of guardians would want to arrest me. But I had realized that Dimitri was in serious danger of harming his already fragile status around Court. A Strigoi being restored was unheard of, and umteen still didnt trust him. Id begged Dimitri to stop, more afraid of what would happen to him than me. Little had I known what was in store for me.Hed come to my hearingunder guardbut neither Lissa nor I had seen him since. Lissa had been working hard to clear him of an y wrongdoing, fearing theyd lock him up again. And me? Id been feating to tell myself not to over-think what he had done. My arrest and potential execution took precedence. Yet I still wondered. Why had he done it? Why had he risked his life for mine? Was it an instinctive reaction to a threat? Had he done it as a respect to Lissa, whom hed sworn to help in return for freeing him? Or had he truly done it because he still had feelings for me?I still didnt know the answer, but seeing him like that, like the fierce Dimitri from my past, had moved(p) up the feelings I was so desperately trying to get over. I kept trying to assure myself that recovering from a relationship took time. Lingering feelings were natural. Unfortunately, it took longer to get over a guy when he threw himself into danger for you.Regardless, Christian and Tashas words gave me hope about Dimitris fate. After all, I wasnt the only one walking a tenuous line between life and death. Those convert Dimitri was sti ll Strigoi wanted to see a stake through his heart. Theyre care him confined again, said Christian. But not in a cell. except in his room, with a couple of guards. They dont want him out around Court until things settle down.Thats better than jail, admitted Lissa.Its still absurd, snapped Tasha, more to herself than the others. She and Dimitri had been close over the years, and shed once wanted to take that relationship to another level. Shed settled for friendship, and her outrage over the injustice done to him was as strong as ours. They should have let him go as soon as he became a dhampir again. Once the elections are settled, Im going to make sure hes free.And thats whats weird Christians pale spirited eyes narrowed thoughtfully. We heard that Tatiana had told others before shebefore she Christian hesitated and glanced uneasily at Adrian. The pause was uncharacteristic for Christian, who usually spoke his mind abruptly. forwards she was murdered, said Adrian flatly, not loo king at any of them. Go on.Christian swallowed. Um, yeah. I guessnot in publicshed announced that she believed Dimitri really was a dhampir again. Her plan was to help him get more acceptance once the other stuff settled down. The other stuff was the age law mentioned in Tatianas note, the one saying dhampirs turning sixteen would be forced to grade and start defending Moroi. It had infuriated me, but like so galore(postnominal) other things now well, it was kind of on hold.Adrian made a eerie sound, like he was clearing his throat. She did not.Christian shrugged. Lots of her advisors said she did. Thats the rumor.I have a hard time believing it too, Tasha told Adrian. Shed never pass of Tatianas policies and had vehemently spoken out against them on more than one occasion. Adrians distrust wasnt political, though. His was simply coming from ideas hed always had about his aunt. Shed never given any indication that she wanted to help Dimitri regain his old status.Adrian made no further comment, but I knew this topic was kindling sparks of jealousy deep down him. Id told him Dimitri was in the past and that I was ready to move on, but Adrianlike memust have undoubtedly wondered about the motivations behind Dimitris gallant defense.Lissa began to contemplate on how they might get Dimitri out of house arrest when the saleswoman returned with an armful of dresses she clearly disapproved of. Biting her lip, Lissa fell silent. She filed away Dimitris situation as something to deal with later. Instead, she wearily prepared to try on clothes and play the part of a good little royal girl.Adrian perked up at the heap of the dresses. Any halters in there?I returned to my cell, mulling over the problems that just seemed to keep piling up. I was worried about both Adrian and Dimitri. I was worried about myself. I was also worried about this so-called lost Dragomir. I was starting to believe the story could be real, but there was nothing I could do about it, which f rustrated me. I needed to take action when it came to helping Lissa. Tatiana had told me in her letter to be careful whom I spoke to about the matter. Should I pass this mission on to someone else? I wanted to take charge of it, but the exclude and suffocating walls around me said I might not be able to take charge of anything for a while, not even my own life. Two weeks.Needing further distraction, I gave in and began reading Abes book, which was exactly the chronicle of wrongful imprisonment Id expected it to be. It was pretty good and taught me that faking my own death apparently wouldnt work as an escape method. The book unexpectedly stirred up old memories. A chill went down my spine as I recalled a Tarot reading that a Moroi named Rhonda had given to me. She was Ambroses aunt, and one of the cards shed drawn for me had shown a woman tied to swords. Wrongful imprisonment. Accusations. Slander. Damn. I was really starting to hate those cards. I always insisted they were a sca m, yet they had an annoying tendency to come true. The end of her reading had shown a journey, but to where? A real prison? My execution?Questions with no answers. Welcome to my world. erupt of options for now, I figured I might as well try to get some rest. Stretching out on the pallet, I move to push away those constant worries. Not easy. Every time I closed my eyes, I saw a judge banging a gavel, condemning me to death. I saw my name in the history books, not as a hero, but as a traitor.Lying there, strangulation on my own fear, I thought of Dimitri. I pictured his simmer down gaze and could practically hear him lecturing me. Dont worry now about what you cant change. Rest when you can so youll be ready for tomorrows battles. The imaginary advice calmed me. recreation came at last, heavy and deep. Id tossed and turned a lot this week, so true rest was welcome.ThenI woke up.I sat upright in bed, my heart pounding. Peering around, I looked for dangerany threat that might have startled me out of that sleep. There was nothing. Darkness. Silence. The faint squeak of a contain down the hall told me my guards were still around.The bond, I realized. The bond had woken me up. Id felt a sharp, intense flare of what? Intensity. Anxiety. A rush of adrenaline. Panic raced through me, and I dove deeper into Lissa, trying to find what had caused that surge of emotion from her.What I found was nothing.The bond was gone.

An Indigenous understanding of Reciprocity

Reciprocity is an underlying principle expressed through by native Australian societies. Outline and Illustrate the Importance of this fundamental concept In the economic, accessible, unearthly and semipolitical spheres of patriarchal liveliness (refer to reciprocality In the index to Edwards 2005). The newsworthiness reciprocalitys conjures up a feel good image of caring and share (Schwab 1995 8). besides according to Peterson (1 993 861) in that location is a darker more sinister side to this name when applied to native Australians.He defines it as demand sharing or else than reciprocity and he states hat Blurter J unmatcheds (1 987 38) labels it tolerated theft. Peterson (1993 860) goes on to assert that little self-aggrandising Is purely altruistic because the conferrer might simply be protecting themselves from pay-back if they do non give, or be expecting both(prenominal) vulgar benefit. Edwards (200476) espouses that white Australians disregarded the reci procity of conventionalistic territorial rights and misunderstood the code of mutuality in social family relationships.They in like manner failed to identify the privileges and responsibilities central to native Australian society subalternd on relationship and reciprocity (Edwards 2004 24). In order to enter a debateion on reciprocity with regard to our Indigenous culture, It m centenarianiness(prenominal)iness be looked at on ii levels. First how reciprocity Is a central principle that has pervaded key societies for millennia and secondly the impact that reciprocity with the Western culture has had on this Indigenous community of interests, since the advent of Colonization.The Western way gener everyy requires the borrower to formulate a sh killh of contain, whereas the original approach is slanted towards the giver having to explain why he stop non give (Schwab 1 995 8). However at that place is an increasing recognition that mutual benefit worked go against ind oors the Indigenous community when primes were hunter gatherers than It arrestms to In todays welf be society. Schwab (1995 title page) leans towards this realization in his discussion paper swindle titled The potassium hydrogen tartrate of Reciprocity, where iodin could interpret the meaning of calculus to be the study of changed mathematical.He outlines an accepted act of generations of give and take, to one that is in stages changing to take and either delayed giving back or non at all. In the past the diet or different goods ere divided up out until they were all gone (Schwab 1995 3-4) but Increasingly a multifactorial yet subtle calculus Is employed on a mash tail end as Individuals decide which expenses (or gifts) require immediate attention and which can be deferred (Schwab, 1995 15). Reciprocity influences the political climate of Aboriginal society, especially the constabulary, which was, is now, and everlastingly get out be.According to Needing, Davis and Fo x (1986 42) an elderberry bush sums it up when he says the Aboriginal truth never changes, always stay same while conversely, Western law Is always changing. There Is an Interconnectedness of all things, an agelessness which bears witness that fumble exists now, as it did before and that creation exists as an historical fact and likewise has present currency and allow into the future. In Colonial times, the principle of reciprocity was enigmatic to the Westerners and a constant source of acrimony politically, legally and culturally.The Aboriginal philosophy of reciprocity encompassed the idea that if the sleep of vitality was disturbed, there must be a corresponding action to repair the Imbalance and the status quo must be preserved aboriginal life and this essay will discuss the importance of reciprocity with regard to economic, political, social and ghostlike spheres of Aboriginal life, although it is delicate to com theatrical rolementalize Aboriginal society due to it s daedality, as there is an locate of intersection and interconnectedness in all things.The economy is interwoven with politics, as social life is melded with noteuality. Pre Colonially, the concept of reciprocity had check overd the survival of Indigenous Australian pluralitys modus vivendi as a distinct economic style for thousands of years (Sermons, H. 2005 70). In more recent mimes, colonial interference with its autocratic removal and movement of key individuals and hearty groups resulted in virtually a complete tip of the traditional Aboriginal economy.As hunting and gathering is no longer workable for city dwellers, the concept of reciprocity becomes unconstipated more important, from an economic point of tidy sum, due to the nature of extended families all co-habiting in one itsy-bitsy dwelling because of mutual obligation or reciprocity. According to smith (1991) kinsfolk structure has to stretch to encompass the extra- fellowship fiscal networks it now accom modates. One must consider the concept of reciprocity or mutual benefit to beat an apprehension of domestic expenditure patterns.To better understand the impact of reciprocity on a unity family, here is an example from the Lacuna community (Wallpaper stack), which is currently representative of legion(predicate) Aboriginal communities (Sheathe, E 2005 151). This anecdote illustrates how (poor) Aboriginal health is indisputably linked to their economic situation and that reduced eating patterns (feast or famine Schwab 2004 5) are encouraged by the government welfare outline.Elizabeth and David are out shopping for their extended family,4 hen Emily approaches and asks for aliment explaining her welfare capital has run out, she is given quite a large amount of food. Elizabeth explains l like to shop Just before it closes, because there are less nation here In the mornings there are too many hungry people waiting for you (Sheathe, E 2005 152). This style Elizabethan family wi ll eat well for a few days and then(prenominal) when the food runs out (earlier than intended because she has given some(prenominal) forth) they will lead to eat sparingly, or not at all, until the next welfare payment.At the same time David has been approached by Steve to use his electric ray and ammunition. David is reluctant to give up his gun fearing Steve will damage it, but willingly gives ammunition. David says All the time people want things from you. It is no good. Later Steve re windings and gives David a very small similitude of his kill (Sheathe, E 2005 1 53) this is representative of a refused reciprocation. Staves exchange is small because David did not share his gun. In the case of Emily, one can assume that if she has spent her welfare money before 1 1. 5 am on the day she received it, then it is doubtful she will reciprocate Elizabethan gift NY time in the future, as Emily has demonstrated she is unable to budget within her knowledge economy. So, while rec iprocation might have worked pre-colonization, it can be seen that in the present welfare economy, it is no longer a system of reciprocation, but rather a system of utilise and abusing ones kin because reciprocation is seen as a right and seemingly no longer has to be repaid, barely the shame involved in not paying back (especially if the mortal has the means) has not changed (Schwab 2004 6).The substance abuser, or the drunkard still have to be support by their kin but hey are an economic threat to the household and possibly provide no means of return of the traditional arrangements of reciprocity while advocating that Indigenous people accept more responsibility so a sound economic base can be rebuilt for Aboriginal Communities. Both Elizabeth and Davits self-protectionist attitudes seem to reflect the modern interpretation of reciprocity, that it is their kins right to take, while sadly, they conceivably no longer expect them to repay in kind.Therefore the economy of this sing le household is skewed by having to support the immunity in general, kind of of specifically their own family. In the past this would have been balanced out by equal trade-off, from Emily and Steve (or their immediate kin) but now days, due to issues such(prenominal) as intoxicantism, homelessness, lack of education and substance abuse, true reciprocity is not as ubiquitous as it once was.A displaced star of entitlement on the break out of the taker seems to be replacing the traditional sense of reciprocity and a authentic wary counting of the cost seems to be reflected in the givers calculus where the whole concept seems to be becoming a social burden Schwab 2004 8). Indeed, Peterson (1993) in his article Demand Sharing Reciprocity and the Pressure for Generosity among Foragers asks the examination Why is there a positive enjoyment to share if sharing is commonly by taking rather than giving? (p. 861).When it comes to establishing the economic basis of a family, it becomes ve ry difficult to measure their actual income due to people moving in and out of households, but Western society dictates that families realize eligibility criteria in order to qualify for welfare. The ideology of traditional reciprocity is not taken into account ND Schwab (1995 16) suggests that politics, or form _or_ system of government makers accommodate rather than contravene these monetary instabilities and the ever changing family support arrangements. Western politics or law is generally not taken on board by Aboriginal society, or if it is, it is with reluctance and resentment.With this in mind, Schwab (2004 2) wrote his discussion paper The Calculus of Reciprocity to further a better mind of the principles of reciprocity in coeval Aboriginal communities in the hope that it would better inform government policy makers, at a local, state and national level. There are two sets of politics (law) that the Aboriginal people must abide by. On the one hand there are the Politics and truth of Australia and then there are their own laws and politics as illustrated by The ideate, where explicit honorable lessons transmit the ideology of didactic human behavior (Schwab 2004 3).There is outrage in Australia at the suggestion that certain individuals seek to impose elements of Shari law, but we turn a blind eye, or have a lack of understanding of Indigenous people carrying out their version of reciprocity when it comes to breaking their own laws. Some of the punishments imposed by Aboriginal virtue include, death, spearing or other forms of corporal punishment (e. G. , burning the hair from the wrongdoers body), individual dueling with spears, boomerangs or combat sticks, shaming, public ridicule, exclusion from the community or total exclusion (Australian Law Reform Commission ND 1).The code of reciprocity controls the mutual rights and kinship obligations of the individual and encompasses the cultural norm of payback for wrongdoing (Fryer-Smith, S 2002 2 . 18). As well as an understanding that reciprocity means the sharing of tools and food, there is also a oral principle of reciprocity with its negative forms include retribution and revenge (Alkali and Johnson 1999, in Burbank 2006 7). Burbank (2006 7) stated that be killed, then reciprocity can be satisfied by the killing of another family penis as due to the intricacies of kinship they are considered one and the same.This viewpoint would be considered barbaric in Western culture and would not be tolerated. As Edwards (2004 73) states, the person who breaks the law must serve the sentence and for another person to pay the penalty would not be Justified or even permitted in Western law. In indigenous polish management, the politics of reciprocity (between Western and Indigenous) should involve knowledge and understanding but the white Australian man tries to impose his vastly different practices onto the Aboriginals who have been practicing successful grunge management for mill ennia.Disappointingly much of the thousands of years of Indigenous knowledge are frequently disregarded by Whitefishes (Baker, Davies, Young, 2001 158). To illustrate the disparity of understanding of the principles of reciprocity in Colonial times, Edwards (2004 73) outlines the anecdote where the Elder showed he settler a waterhole and then considered it a reciprocal action to later kill a sheep for food when the settler used the waterhole to water his flock.This Aboriginal would then be dealt with by the police and the courts and he would be mystified as he could see no Justice in a system such as this where reciprocity did not play a part. In his law, laid graduate by The aspiration it would be sanctioned behavior to take the sheep as pay back for food for his clan. Western politics plays a part in the downfall of the concept of reciprocity, firstly by taking away the dignity of Indigenous people ho cannot reciprocate for their welfare payments in any quantifiable way.Secondl y because life has so drastically changed for the indigenous people since Colonization, they now baring themselves stripped of their place and their prop and instead find themselves in the undignified position of being passive welfare recipients. So many have fallen by the wayside and become victims of alcohol and substance abuse due to their once well organized and businesslike life being ripped away. This has made them reliant on their relatives generosity, which leaves them no gravitas and minimal fiscal, physical or emotional resources to pay back with.Therefore the look of reciprocity as a system of checks and balances to maintain social rest (Bourne and Edwards, 1998, 100, p 106. In Fryer-Smith, S 2002 2. 18) is stymied for some. Traditionally social stability has been kept up(p) within the Aboriginal society because reciprocity has functioned as a means of equilibrium. Reciprocity has been important throughout all social and family relationships, where a complex system of kinship lines exists. This system relies heavily on the responsible and reciprocal participation of all members from the give-and-take of tools and hunting weapons, to the sharing of food.As one Elder explained Sharing Just a way of life for Aboriginal people, in all likelihood in our genes or something. Might be left over from the old days when we were hunters and that .. . All Aboriginal people know what its like to be hungry. We Just cant turn away someone who says hes hungry I possibility white people have a hard time understanding that one (Schwab 1991 145), whereas Western society is built on capitalism, meaning that some of its central values are totally opposed to the tradition view of Aboriginal culture (Richardson J 2006 144). Moieties subtle and often invisible to some (Schwab 2004 3). Indigenous societies place emphasis on social identity and the obligations individuals have to conform to the expectations their society has mapped out for them, whereas in Western s ocieties the emphasis is on the individual and the rights and freedoms of that individual and there is no expectation that people will conform (Edwards, 2004 52). Almost any behavior is accepted, as long as their actions do not defame others.Aboriginals rely there is a balance within ourselves that incorporates our social lives and our spiritual lives and to integrate ourselves into the ecology and consciousness of this oral, we need to intertwine these two worlds in our daily existence (Lower 1991 49). The requirement of reciprocity underpins most aspects of spiritual life, including ritual, ceremony and the protection of sacred sites (Fryer-Smith, S 2002 2. 18). If one gives to the ancestors by way of ceremony, song, ritual and dance they reciprocate by giving the strength, power and knowledge of the spirits (Lower 1991 P 48).Likewise if one honors the earth, the earth will reciprocate with an abundant harvest. An Aboriginal had/has a responsibility to perform the rituals that released the seminal rowers that abide in the land and if these rituals are not performed, great harm could befall the land. Even today, Aboriginal land management techniques rely on understanding the religious links between the Indigenous peoples and the land (Baker et al 2001 113). Western society puts its faith in science and technology, while property an eye on the weather, to reap the finest harvest.They do not pray or perform religious services to interact with the land. Indigenous people believe the whole environment is formed by The Dreaming, there is a sense that all things partake in the sacredness of life. For millennia, Aboriginal people have co-existed with spiritual beings in their daily life. The essence of spirituality is present throughout the literal world and through a cryptic sense of time Aboriginal People seamlessly connect with the Dreaming origins of their spiritual being (Edwards 2004 86).Aboriginal religion is indentured up in The Dreaming and dictates that responsibility consists of acting in uniformity with a few moral principles. For Aboriginal people, being deprived of their land means a deprivation of access to The Dreaming and the severing of a certain life-force which breaks the link with The Dreaming. It is this very real deprivation that has broken the spirit of many an Aboriginal person, leaving them empty and heartsick (Triggering 1988 xv-xvii).Aboriginal people base their cl mien to ownership of the land on their belief that the spiritual forces which mold the land also created them and still inhabit this land today (Edwards 19). ruddiness (2004 42) points out that earth is the initial mother, the mother of everything. She goes on to say that all knowledge and all living beings in their diversity are in the long run born of earth. Non-indigenous Australians often countryside the significance of the land to Aboriginal people so far The Aboriginal Land Rights and Native Title movements have increased sentiency of t his issue.As Rose (1987) says in her article Consciousness and Responsibility in an Australian Aboriginal Religion, if people protect the land by burning, using the country, performing ceremonies to increase the bounty and by protecting the dangerous Dreaming sites so that no harm escapes, the land will repay them by reciprocal relationship that ensures the continuity of life for all involved, the land, humans, animals and the plant life (peg. 262). Partaking in this exchange of life will lead to balance for the land and its inhabitants. DRP.Pollinate in Looking after our Spirit (Pearce, M 2012) states that we have a duty of care to engage in reciprocity with the earth and to ensure that the environment we have inherited is left in the same, if not better condition, than when we got it. This is an ideal philosophy, but unfortunately the greed of many non-indigenous ventures such as mining for minerals and gas in many traditional lands has caused an imbalance and to the look of the Indigenous peoples, many landscapes are now out of balance and the aim of cooperation has been pillaged.Non-indigenous ventures plunder the land and they take, but they do not reciprocate by giving anything back, although Western conservation laws are beginning to address this situation. As this essay has demonstrated, reciprocity is an economic means of survival and the Indigenous political system is built on the presumption of reciprocity, while the Australian legal system has been influenced by Aboriginal philosophy. Such documents as Aboriginal habitual Laws and Sentencing, Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of Punishment by the Australian Law Reform Commission, (ND) and theAboriginal Bench book for Western Australia Courts (2002) by Fryer Smith have been distributed to foster an understanding of the concept of reciprocity that Aboriginal life is founded on. Society is based on complex kinship lines where reciprocity is expect and accepted but is open to exploitation as demonstrated by those abusing the passive welfare system and who no longer honor the traditional social norms. A fulfilling spiritual life revolves around maintaining relations with the Dreaming Spirits.

Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Essay

Out of the three that I chose, the course of study that I feel that would be the most valuable for the organization that was profiled in addition A is Block Grants for Community Mental Health Services. architectural plans ObjectiveThe objective of the block grants for community mental wellness run broadcast is to volunteer territories and states with assistance financially in the fashioning of their plans to provide mental health services to adults and children, as well as monitoring all progress and providing technical assistance. EligibilityThe States and U.S Territory Governments are eligible applicants and the recipients of States and U.S Territory Governments are the beneficiaries. Type of AssistanceThis particular program is provided with approach pattern GrantsDollar Range and Average Amount of Assistance AwardedThe dollar break away that is listed for this program is $50,000 to $53,096,425.The Average amount of assistance that is awarded is $6,761,619. How this progra m is utilized by the organization that is profiled in Appendix A The organization in Appendix As needs are that they are able to provide psychiatric counseling services to the residents of El Paso County who are considered to be confused income. I believe that the block grants for community mental health services program would benefit the state of Texas by providing funding so that this program can continue services and develop new innovative ideas and early plans to better its services. Since residents only need to pay an amount that is based on their income I believe that the cost would work well for them as well.

Uk Organic Food

Contents 1. Introduction2 1. 1 whitherfore this effort was chosen for goatcelledline2 1. 2 Aim2 1. 3 Brief Background of the ingrained diet producing fabrication2 1. 4 Competitive surround? 3 2. PESTEL outline5 2. 1 Political factors5 2. 2 Economic factors6 2. 3 Socio-cultural factors7 2. 4 Technological factors8 2. 5 Environmental factors9 2. 6 Legal factors10 3. Porters volt Forces analysis12 3. 1 Threat of bargon-assed entrants12 3. 2 Threat of trans constellation overlaps14 3. 3 Threat of established jibes14 3. 4 Bargaining advocate of suppliers16 . 5 Bargaining power of corrupters16 4. Conclusion18 4. 1 The diligence at present18 4. 2 Future transforms19 5. Appendices20 5. 1 Critique of tools and research limitations20 5. 1. 1 PESTEL modelling20 5. 1. 2 Porters Five Forces20 6. References22 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Why this constancy was chosen for analysis The chosen intentness for analysis in this cross is the positive feed producing constancy in the Uni ted terra firma. This encompasses groups of firms that levy similar intersection points, in this object lesson, total fodder recruit.In recent years, at that place has been a heightened awargonness in the media in relation to natural eeryy lay down rised nutriment, and a neat emphasis has been placed on healthier eating and a decr sculptural relief in the production of genetic whollyy modified regimen. As this aw atomic deed 18ness increases, it is grievous to analyse the manufacturing in severalize to assess whether the manufacturing is lucky to exist in, and to as current whether it is likely that it testament be penetrated by risingfound competitors.An opposite reason for choosing to examine this point sedulousness is collectible to the lack of an updated Mintel report, or a similar financial report, especially since in that respect has been so oft tautologic upkeep world placed on this patience of recently in the media. In piece to puff a d iscover shot about the macro- and micro- environment in relation to the UK constitutional aliment producing industry, frameworks leave behind be used in place to analyse information about the industry. 1. 2 AimThe aims of this report ar to research and assess the nature of the entire provender producing industry in the United Kingdom. This go out occur by victimization two different frameworks, a PESTEL analysis and the use of Porters Five Forces in devote to in full understand the agonistic micro- and macro-environment of this industry. When the analysis is complete, it will be determined whether the industry is favour commensurate to forecast or non, and future shifts in the industry will be predicted. 1. Brief reason of the UK constitutive(a) sustenance Producing Industry The term natural has been defined by the Organic Trade Association as an ecological production solicitude system that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological cycles, and basis biologi cal activity based on minimal use of off-farm inputs and management practices that restore, maintain, and enhance ecological harmony 1. In practice, this symbolises that artificial chemical fertilisers and pesticides atomic number 18 not used, and animals be reargond without the drugs that ar normally routinely used 2.Protection of the environment is of great importance, and the quality of the soil is what determines whether the mystify enkindle be deemed as original or not. Historically, it was ordinary practice to muchover stick relatively few family run farms in which total provender was haved, and this could be purchased in farmers marts and smaller stores, much(prenominal) as green grocers. However, since the 1990s, entire nutrient has had heightenth rates of around 20% per year, and figures from April of this year place that extreme food now accounts for 1 to 2% of food sales worldwide 3.This becometh rate has been partly payable to bl give birth-up s uper commercialize place chains adopting ranges of constitutional foods, which is reducing the farmer to consumer link, and providing a commodious freshly modality to eat organically, and too due to an increase affaire from the media in this industry. For warning, large supermart chain Sainsburys has a devout deal than cubic yard organic products, had a 14% increase in sales of its organic produce in 2006/2007, sources all its organic meat, fish, poultry, draw, and eggs from the UK and has contracts with farmers to guarantee paltryer limit prices to ensure the long-term provision of organic beef 4.A quote from Jerry Dryer, who wrote an word called Organic Lessons stated, Organic is present to stay, not a fad marching by in the night 5, which is a hopeful mentionion that the market sh atomic number 18 is set to increase and that invigorated opportunities mess be tar allowed, neverthe slight this will be confirmed or denied at the end of the report. 1. 4 Competitiv e environment? The organic food producing industry consists of a large number of small producers, who produce food which send away be prove as organic by the Organic Farmers and Growers Organic Standards and the Soil Association.Due to at that place being a large number of fragmented producers in the industry, it whitethorn be seen as a competitive market who are vying for the attention of large or small supermarket chains and stores, green grocers, and individual purchasers of organic food. Organic produce in itself is reasonably homogeneous, so all producers in this industry will be trying to make out similar products which are by and large unvarying. This increases contest between the producers as to how they are sledding to ram their goods exchange over the goods of a competitor.thither is in like manner the option of individuals growing their own organic produce, which whitethorn reduce the demand for the purchase of produce. The competitiveness of the environment wil l be discussed in to a greater extent(prenominal) detail when an analysis is carried out using the Porters 5 Forces framework 6. ? 2. PESTEL Un prevaillable, external forces that crook decision making, which thus discover the performance of an industry is known as the macro-environment. The macro-environment consists of political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, environmental, and legal forces, which elicit be referred to as PESTEL forces 7.A good definition of this framework for analysis is given by Kotler 8, which is PEST analysis is a frameual strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, line of merchandise position, potential and guardianship for operations. This is too useful for forecasting the direction in which an industry is fetching, and the intensity of this change. Factors apprize be assessed and placed in order of importance, so it is clear to see what external factors are the intimately pressing issues in an industry.In order to find out information for to each one and simply(a) of the factors, reliable secondary data sources shall we used, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as spick-and-spanspapers, periodicals, books, trade organisations, administration agencies information, and industry analysts results. Once this kind of analysis is complete, it is clearer to see how to take prefer of arising opportunities, and plan to prevent potential banes that whitethorn occur in the industry. The sections infra break down the macro-environment into six parts. 2. 1 Political factorsGovernment legislation whitethorn dictate what is considered to be organic in a particular land. This report looks at organic food producers in the UK, and this is regulated by the Organic Farmers and Growers Organic Standards 9, and the Soil Association 10. The Department for Environmental Food and pastoral Affairs (DEFRA) states m several(prenominal)(prenominal) outlines of what how produce should be grown and the feeding of livestock , in order for in to obtain UK Government standards 11. These standards vary from country to country, inside and outside of the EU.This can stomach a profound impact on the exporting of produce by UK farmers, as what whitethorn be deemed as organic in this country, whitethorn not be so in another. Relations with politicians requirement to be upheld, as legislation is subject to change at some(prenominal) given time. For example, it recently has been distinct to ban onslaught hen cages functioning in the year 2009 12. 93% of eggs in the UK market come from battery hens, so once the legislation is fully in place, this will not occur. This will increase competition in the market, as all eggs will now be from giving range hens, which may affect the poultry side of the organic food industry.By adapting to meet the new laws now, favourable relations will be unbroken with politicians, and on-line(prenominal) organic egg producers will get hold of to find new slipway in whi ch to gain market share in what may be an increasely unadulterated market. The Government soon provides farmers subsidies, incisively current news from May 2008 assigns that the EU is face to cut the money it provides, and reinvest it with inducings on looking after agricultural land, sooner than giving money to garter produce more food 13.This may benefit farmers wishing to wear the organic food producing market, as they nurse extra incentives to transform their land to organic soil, but may hinder those already in the market due to the increase competition, and the lack of money to produce extra food needed to meet demand. 2. 2 Economic factors The organic food producing industry can be largely affected by the UK economy, such as interest rates, exchange rates, buyer power, and consumer confidence, which will all now be discussed in turn.The current ongoing reference crunch, and in soaring spirits ostentatiousness has decreased chances of any interest rate cuts, a nd a accredited little terror of a downturn is present 14. Mervyn King, the governor of the Bank of England, has previously account that UK inflation will rise above its target and the economy will sharply slow down 15, which does not mean good things for an industry such as this, which relies on bulk buying premium quality products.If interest rates are high, and so it costs more money to relieve from banks, which deters investment, and may make it harder for farmers to convert their land to organic soil and methods of production, as this is a costly business 16. This inflation may experience any employees working in the industry to demand higher remuneration in order to cover any losses that they are making, which can cause a problem for employers, especially if the industry declines if thither is a recession. The credit crunch has also affected housing prices, which have resolveen, and a ollapse in these sales have been predicted to cut consumer come abouting by 8% 17 , which will affect the industry. Exchange rates can affect the way UK organic food producers export their products, as a fast(a) currency can make exporting knockout, if foreign buyers cannot get a lot of produce for their money. Buyer power can have a strong stinting hold over the industry, as available income and voluntaryness to happen can affect the sales of premium quality produce, especially as there are cheaper alternatives. The state of the economy affects spending, as if there is a recession, or currently with the credit crunch in the UK, spending falls.Organic food may be seen by nearly-nigh users and non-users as a premium product, so when disposable income is reduced, this may be something which is cut back on in order to use the extra money elsewhere. If bulk are being more price conscious, new motivations to purchase the produce need to be find aside from price. However, many purchasers of organic food do so because of what it stands for, and is a lifestyle survival which may not be affected by a bad economy. Consumer confidence may be dented if willingness to spend decreases. The more affluent a person is, i. e. he higher absorbs and stop lifestyle someone has, the more likely they are to start or extend to purchase organic food 18. 2. 3 Socio-cultural factors A major socio-cultural factor affecting the industry is the media. A recent heightened ken of organic food issues in the media has prompted an increase in organic food sales, with a 70% increase since 2002 to ? 1. 5billion in 2007 19. There is currently a bit from the media to use the upcoming 2012 Olympic games to promote organic eating, in order to avoid an obesity crisis and to appear a fit and rubicund country.This increase conscious(predicate)ness of the importance of healthy eating and nourishing the country by reducing its ascorbic acid footprint can have an effect on consumer attitudes. The effect of the media may change attitudes of tidy sum towards organic foo d, such as the more impetus placed on this industry in the media, means more great deal are aware of the benefits of eating organically. bulk may then change their attitudes about the way they eat, and believe that it is worth(predicate) paying more for the food, even if the economy is not as strong as it could be. Figures from a recent Mintel report 20 show that attitudes towards rganic food show that populate believe firstly that the food is healthier, secondly that it tastes better, and thirdly that it is better for the environment. With these belief systems enough widely in place, the fortune for the growth of the industry in pecks minds is increased. However, the media may too have a detrimental effect on the industry in two ways. Firstly, there has been bad press saying that the industry is losing its values, and that the industry itself is out of control due to an increased demand and people not knowing the real reasons behind why they are choosing organic 21.Secondly, increased advertising spend (even though it is relatively low 22) can draw too much(prenominal) attention to the industry which is not prepared to bestow the increased demand. A typical shopper of organic food has been outlined in a wad taken from the Organic Monitor website 23, which identifies them to usually live in an urban area in a big city, consider quality and provenance in decision making when choosing which foods to purchase, being well-educated and of a pith to high social class, and to belong to a medium to high income household.These factors have been determined of the types of people who normally purchase these premium products, and usually fall into the AB consumer base, due to a larger disposable income 24. Further analysis of recent demographic trends show that the capital of the United Kingdom and the South of the UK are more willing to accept the introduction of organic produce, compared to the rest of the UK 25. With this in mind, it may be deduced that the se areas are more prone for targeting, and further consideration ineluctably to be given to where the industry should go next should these places become saturated with producers. . 4 Technological factors Technological advances in transportation means that the ease of moving produce around the UK is increased. Better roads and an increase in motorways have advantages for farmers to get their produce into busier cities. Transport has however been scrutinised in this industry in recent years if air freighting is used for the moving of food or livestock, but this will be further discussed under the environmental factors section of the PESTEL analysis.The internet has provided new methods of selling organic produce, such as online shopping, and electronic sourcing of produce to find topical anaesthetic organic food suppliers 26. spirit at figures from a 2007 Mintel report on organic food, box schemes and armor order have had the biggest percentage increase of usage between 2005 and 2007 (109. 2% change in this time period). The box scheme comprises of the delivery of angelical organic produce which is chosen because it is in season in the UK at the time of ordering, and many farms have used the internet in order to allow this scheme to take place.For example, Riverford Organic Vegetables 27 allow people to select different size boxes, and also give information about how much CO2 emissions are given off from the transport of their produce from admission to door. This shows the potential for how the increase in usage of the internet can be applied to the organic food industry. 2. 5 Environmental factors National and planetary environmental issues can greatly affect the UK organic food producing industry, such as weather and climate change respectively. Without the right growing conditions for some organic produce, i. . having good, well-nourished soil, harvesting may not reap many rewards. Last year in 2007, the wettest weather for more than 240 years was put down in the summer by the Met Office, which frankly had perverse effects on this particular industry 28. Following this particular summer, it was reported that organic food prices would rise even further than the already premium costs that they have, partly due to the weather reducing the derive of land fit for civilisation in order to grow and harvest organic produce 29.If adverse weather conditions do occur, the supply or organic goods will be reduced further as yet, which may strongly affect an industry that already has increased demand and not enough produce to meet this. mood change has gained increasing coverage in the media, convincing more people than action needs to be taken in order to nurture the earth, in particular, the flavour of a carbon footprint. A carbon footprint can be draw as a appraise of the impact of human activities on the environment in foothold of the amount of greenhouse gases produced 30.This affects the organic food producing industry when organically grown produce is air freighted into the UK. The Soil Association is bratening to remove its stamp of approbation from organic food which has been imported by air, as they believe this to be increasing the carbon footprint, and going against the morals that organic food stands for 31. This change may benefit UK organic food producers, as there will be less competition coming from overseas, but may be of detriment for internal UK flights, if this is how they normally transport their goods around the country.The danger here is that people who already purchase organic food may kind of switch to topically sourced produce, be it organic or not, in order to champion the local community, and to do their bit to reduce the carbon footprint. There may be an opportunity here for organic food producers to also trade topically, so that people can get the best of two worlds. A benefit of organic produce is that it attempts to ensure that minimal amounts of pesticides and few art ificial methods are used in the growing of the food.Only 25% of organic food carries pesticide residues, compared to 77% of conventionally grown food 32. This reduces harm to any soil or wildlife in the area, and is reported to have added health benefits, all contributing to less of a bad impact on the environment from harmful chemicals. 2. 6 Legal factors Legal changes in the United Kingdom may affect the behaviour of firms and producers within this particular industry. Back in 1984, the Food Act was introduced, which outlined the description and purity of foodstuffs, and affected the way in which food could be produced 33.This legal act is still all applicable today, and is regularly updated, notably affecting organic food producers in how they can describe and label their food. As well as an organic product having to meet UK organic standards, it also must abide by this Food Act when selling to respective buyers, so as not to mislead customers, i. e. it must be what they claim i t to be, in this case, organic. A europiuman ruling in 2007 states that for food to be labelled free of genetically modified ingredients, it must contain 0. 9% or less of such elements, which may in turn affect the price of organic food 34.Producers need to factor these sorts of legal requirements into pricing how much they are going to sell their food for. For the past few years, recorded minimum wage has risen, with October 2007 being the last re captivate at ? 5. 52 per hour for workers develop 22 and over, ? 4. 60 per hour for workers aged 18-21 inclusive, and ? 3. 40 per hour for all workers under the age of 18 who are no longer of despotic school age 35. These increases may pose problems for producers who cannot afford to meet these payments, especially if inflation ontinues to rise, and the credit crunch continues to beckon a recession in the financial market. If the producers cannot afford workers to help them look after livestock or harvest crops, this may pose to be a b ig threat as to whether they can afford to meet the requirements of customers. ? 3. PORTERS quintupletsome FORCES The micro-environment is a set of forces that directly impacts the ability of an industry to serve its customers, which were described by Michael E. Porter in an analytical framework as flipper forces that determine the competitive intensity of a market.This can also be described as the attractiveness of an industry 36. It must be remembered here that even if a market is determined to be attractive, this does not mean that every firm in the industry will yield the comparable profitability. Only by having uniqueness in resources or a distinctive business model can help to achieve greater profits. The five forces suggested by Porter are the threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products, and threat of established rivals from horizontal competition, and the negotiate power of suppliers, and bargaining power of buyers from vertical competition 37.The strength of these forces combined determines how competitive the industry is, and can determine whether it is favourable to demean. In reference to Porters Five Forces, the term industry will be used to describe any products which are similar, and are close substitutes for each other. These five forces that affect how competitive the industry is will be discussed below. 3. 1 Threat of new entrants In order to assess the threat of new entrants in the industry, it needs to be assessed whether the barriers to entry in the UK organic food producing industry are high or low.This will be looked at in relation to economies of scale, product differentiation, cost disadvantages in relation to the swell needful, and access to distribution channels, in relation to UK organic legislation. Economies of scale occur when the costs of producing are reduced from making more units, as it is more efficient to increase output. some(prenominal) organic food producers may benefit from the fact their purchasers may be large supermarket chains, who have the ability to buy in bulk due to the benefits of their economies of scale. Organic food producers an then sell their goods to these chains, who realise that their customers are becoming increasingly aware about the benefits of this quality produce. However, due to these chains being in a position to buy bulk, in order to manage in this market, organic farmers may have to sell their goods at a cut price if the supermarkets want to sell it on to turn a profit. In this case, new entrants may be put off from enter the market if they cannot afford to manage with already established providers of organic food to these main players.Product differentiation is an issue, as the organic products in this industry are largely homogenous. If new entrants wanted to penetrate the market, they would have to think of existenceal new ways for buyers to remove their products over another product which is the similar as the one they are offering. This doe s however mean that producers already in the market may have less competition enter alongside them, as long as the existing producers offer fair prices and direct quality food, with well established networks.Cost disadvantages may pose a threat to new entrants, as a large amount of capital is required in order to enter the market. Firstly, modern agri-technology is expensive to purchase, and the largest cost of decision making to produce organic food is the conversion of land 38. In order to convert land so that it meets the UK Organic standards requires a great capital investment, which is one of the reasons why the supply is still short. This may put off potential entrants to the market if they believe they cannot afford to make their land meet national requirements.These national requirements are subject to change, so barriers to entry can be heightened or lowered at given times, depending on what is decided by the ruling bodies. This may also affect international entrants, as national standards vary in different countries. What is seen as organic in one country, may not meet the requirements in the UK, so producers may be protected from further competition in that respect. For example, new regulations in Japan caused the majority of products to lose their organic status 39.This also ties in with access to distribution channels, as UK producers may be fighting for length on supermarket shelves or stalls in a local farmers market, and only the best will survive. Even though supply is short, a particular amount of space is still given to organic produce, which on one hand may deter entrants into the industry, but equally may give some producers wishing to enter the market a bigger incentive to increase awareness about organic produce, and try to meet that supply in innovative new ways. 3. 2 Threat of substitute productsSubstitute products are products which can fulfil the same function, but from a different industry. In the case of the organic food indus try, substitutes can occur in the form of different kinds of eating, or fad diets, such as calorie-counting healthy eating, and or locally sourced conventional produce. First to be discussed is reduced-fat and reduced-calorie food, which may appeal to the organic food shopper. If people are buying organic food as a misunderstanding of what it really is, and do so for the health benefits, then they may switch to specific healthier eating options, rather than organic food.This threat however has been reported to be minimal at the moment, as figures in a Mintel report from 2007 on organic food show that organic food is experiencing a much greater growth than reduced calorie options 40. The reduced-calorie options, as well as functional foods, still continue however to rise in popularity. Locally sourced conventional produce also poses a threat to the organic food industry, as some people may choose to support local farmers rather than to choose organic produce.This is especially diffic ult on the organic food industry, as more farmers may decide not to convert their land to organic if people are more willing fair(a) to buy conventional locally produced food 41. This threat may encourage organic farmers however to sell produce locally, so they are covering both segments of their target market. An example of this threat is posed by milk, as demand for organic milk far exceeds the supply, so people are facing the dilemma of having to buy non-organic locally sourced milk, as this is a necessary substitute for people buying milk in the premium market 42.Organic food may be seen as necessity to some, but to intimately it is a luxury, and conventional foods can replace the premium priced, undersupplied organic food. 3. 3 Threat of established rivals The simplest rival in this industry may be seen as people who grow their own organic produce in their garden or local allotment. This reduces the need for organic farmers to sell their produce to consumers, and this has the potential to reduce the need for them to sell, as it may be cheaper for people to grow their own. Aside from this threat, there are other forms of competition within the industry.Rivals in the industry have different ways of competing against each other, including varied forms of price, marketing strategies, and innovation techniques. Firstly, a sustainable competitive advantage can be gained through the innovation from producers in the industry. For example, organic farmers may decide to provide their goods only to local outlets and consumers, which increases the likelihood of people wishing to buy products which are organic and sourced locally. This can provide a competitive advantage over organic producers in the UK who have a larger carbon footprint by delivering their products crosswise the country.Competitive rivalry may continue here as more competitors enter the market to satisfy the growing demand for organic produce. As new entrants penetrate the market, it needs to be in creasingly thought of new ways to differentiate products, as the nature of the produce in this industry is largely homogenous. There is not a large diversity of competitors, as organic produce is the same from one farmers land to another, so competition will be high in order to get people to choose one farmers particular produce.This is also true when considering who will purchase this food, as supermarkets are increasing their ranges of organic food, so competition to get produce chosen to be exchange in these will be high 43. If a supermarket already purchases a particular farmers produce, it may be difficult for other competitors to penetrate the market if customer loyalty already exists, so new ways of doing so will need to be thought of, such as competing on price. This, however, will only be possible to a certain extent, as a profit still needs to be made by the producers in order to continue their business.Existing firms may compete in this industry through diversification o f how the produce is offered, as some farmers may set up a market stall or store in order to deliver their produce to the consumer. An advantage of this is the added convenience to consumers of having a place they know they can go to in order to source locally produced organic food. An example of this is the ever increasing popularity of the chain Planet Organic, which is continuing to expand upon its outlets in urban areas in London, so that people dont have to live in rural areas in order to get there organic food 44. 3. Bargaining power of suppliers There is an estimated 4630 producers in the organic market who have converted their land to organic soil, and this is ever increasing 45. Even though this is still increasing, it is expensive to convert conventional land, so this may be one of the reasons for a relatively low number of suppliers in this industry. This section focuses on whether suppliers in the organic food producing industry have high or low amounts of power over the happenings in the industry. The brand of organic food may be seen as powerful, as there is a high consumer demand for these products.This gives the suppliers the added advantage of being able to choose how and where to supply their produce. However, even though this increases supplier power, the customers for their produce are fragmented, so there may be a reduced bargaining power over price, as there is only so low that producers are able to offer their goods for. Organic food in itself is a unique offering, which gives an alternative to conventionally produced food, and can satisfy the needs of particular consumer groups who crave quality and are concerned with the provenance of what they eat.This allows suppliers to have a greater power over the conventional or locally sourced produce, as organic food is seen as a lifestyle choice and not just one of convenience or necessity. Figures from Mintel show that 65% of people shop in supermarkets where the food is of high quality and i s fresh 46. This choice from consumers gives suppliers the added advantage of being able to provide a service that people actually want. 3. 5 Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of buyers in the market can have a great effect on the industry itself, which will now be outlined in terms of how much power they have over the industry.Buying power may be deemed to be relatively low in some consider, but high in others in this industry for a number of reasons. With an increase in demand for organic produce, a large amount of buyers are competing for a relatively short supply of food. This may mean they are willing to pay higher prices for the produce, due to its availability being decreased. This supply famine was outlined in The Grocer, which shows sales were up to ? 3. 1billion when they reported in prove 2007 47. However, few large buyers, such as large chains of supermarkets, may have an increased buyer power due to suppliers wanting their goods to be sold in these stor es, as they can ensure produce is sold via a contract for a certain period of time. This reduces uncertainty for suppliers, and ensures less food is spoiled. The fact that this industry contains a large number of undifferentiated suppliers may mean that buyers have more power over who to choose to supply their produce if there is a large amount of suppliers in that particular area.The cost for buyers of switching suppliers for produce is very low, which further still increases their power, assuming that there is an appropriate amount of supply existing. Buyers are aware that there is a shortage of supply of organic produce, so this may give them less power over suppliers, and over the industry in general. It has been previously mentioned about the increased demand over supply, so buyers may have to pay the prices being offered to them by suppliers if they want this non-conventionally grown produce.Buyers may also have higher power in some respects due to existing substitute products , which have previously been discussed. There is an opportunity in some cases for people to switch to locally sourced conventional food, rather than organic food. This can increase buyer power, if they decide to refrain buying organic food altogether, which may force producers to reduce their prices, or just to exit the market. ? 4. CONCLUSION 4. 1 The industry at present sounding at the information which has been discussed in the 2nd and 3rd sections of this report, deductions and analysis can be made about the industry at present.In its simplest form, the UK market for organic food is reported to be worth ? 1. 5 billion in 2007 48, and this is continually growing. Issues affecting the macro-environment include current Government legislation managed by the Soil Association and the Organic Farmers and Growers Association, buyer power and spending habits in the organic food industry, effects of the growing media attention on the industry itself, new ways to sell produce, and environ mental concerns facing producers. Issues ffecting the micro-environment include the threat of new entrants joining the industry due to a lack of supply and an increase demand, substitute products being present such as locally sourced produce, established rivals having better distribution links, suppliers having increase amounts of power due to the increased demand from consumers, and the buyers having relatively low power due to the lack of supply. This is a small summary of how the industry can be seen at present, and from looking at the information collected, there are various reasons why it may or may not be a favourable market to enter.The fact that demand is high but supply is low is a good reason for wanting to enter the market. This would imply that any produce made would be easily sold, and suppliers would be in a better position to bargain on higher prices, as they are well aware of this demand. However, there are issues in being able to enter this industry. The initial out lay costs are high, as it is expensive to convert land into what is considered to be organic, to buy new technology required to grow and harvest produce in the methods stated by the necessary authorities.It may then be difficult to sell produce in certain areas if people do not agree with the transportation used to get the produce there in the first place. These are factors that need to be taken into consideration when looking at the industry at present, but with expansion set to continue, if the capital is available, it seems favourable to enter. 4. 2 Future changes increase acceptance of organic food means that the future of the industry looks good for the moment.People are beginning to accept organic produce into their everyday lives, and with reported health benefits of switching to these products, sales are increasing, with analysts predicting that sales will in two ways before the end of this decade 49. Increased awareness in the media and new studies into the goodness of org anic produce is driving sales and increasing demand. The notion of eating well is of key importance to the Government in what they suggest to avoid an obesity crisis in the UK, and organic food may be seen as a way of doing this.However, it must be remembered that the future, as with any industry, can be uncertain. Factors that must be faced and planned for in the future include bad press in the media, substitute product switching, and a change in legislation. If the media publishes bad press about whether there are really any extra health benefits from paying extra for organic food instead of conventionally grown food, the demand may fall and substitute products used instead.Products such as locally sourced food are fighting for advertisement space in the media also, so people may switch to this in the future in order to protect the earth, and reduce their carbon footprint. This can all be affected by the hype that is created in the media at that particular time. Standards in legis lation are also subject to change, and if this is to change in the future, it may be the case that fewer farmers can afford to convert their land into organic soil, which will reduce the supply of organic food further.If this occurs, the popularity and publicity of this industry may decline. These are issues that need to be kept in the forefront of the industrys mind, and plans to avoid this, such as proving the benefits of switching to organic produce, need to be made. ? 5. APPENDICES 5. 1 Critique of tools and research limitations 5. 2. 1 PESTEL framework Advantages are listed below Allows the analyst to remove themselves from the industry and look at it more objectively by adapting to the new environment Can avoid taking actions that will lead to failure Can see the context of the industry Limitations are listed below Time consuming Is done by an individual, so important factors can be missed May be difficult to know what to include under each heading, so hard to abide by by oth er people reading the report Industries are always changing, so once it is written, it may have already changed PESTEL analysis only covers the remote environment 5. 2. 2 Porters 5 Forces Advantages are listed below Can effectively analyse competition in an industry, and help decide how to beat competitors Develop strategies for action from the information found and sacrifice them to gain market share in an industry Looks beyond obvious immediate competitors, and focuses on substitutes to the organic produce being offered wider market view Limitations are listed below Also is carried out by an individual, so things relating to competition in the micro-environment may go unlooked This analysis is a static framework, and the industry is constantly changing, so it may not be applicable straight after it has been writtenThese limitations imply that a strategy cannot be made just by looking at this report alone. 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